I need to answer the questions according to the articles + Answer the following questions based on your reading of Karmani`s article. Use complete sentences. 1. What is the “much-forgotten battle” that is being fought in Karmani`s view? 2. According to Karmani, what are some of the pressures that Muslim governments faced regarding educational policy after 9/11? 3. What is the big shift that happened with regard to the content of the curriculums? 4. What does the author think of the way this shift is presented in Western media? 5. What was the education policy supported by the US government in Afghanistan during the Soviet era? 6. Why does the author bring up this example? 7. What is meant by “reductive associations” in the second paragraph of page 264, line 13? 8. Give an example of one of the questions that the author asks in his conclusion and how you as a future English language teacher would answer that question? Answer the following questions in light of your reading of Yaghan`s article. Use complete sentences. 1. What is Arabizi? 2. Do you use Arabizi in your own communications? What is your opinion about it? 3. Explain what the author means when he says in the top paragraph of page 41 that: “….the total number of glyphs [….] exceed[s] three hundred. This constituted a typographical problem, with regard to typesetting and font diversity, that was a common characteristic of traditional Arabic pre-computer type. Accordingly, there were many calls to divert to the Latin characters.” 4. What did Wilhem Spitta suggestion in book in 1880? 5. Who are Abdul Aziz Fahmi, Said Aquil, and Anis Freha? (The answer to this question might require you to do a quick search on the net). 6. Give three examples of how Arabizi is used. 7. Cite three reasons why Arab students use Arabizi. 8. What are some of the other fields that the author mentions where Arabizi is used? 9. Why does the author suggest that Arabizi could have an Arabic look? 10. What was the project of the design students at the University of Petra in Jordan? 11. What does the author suggest in his conclusion on page 52?