Jul 23, 2017

What general characteristics determine whether a prokaryote belongs to the Archaea or Bacteria domain?

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Bio 102 wk 3 SLP

INSTRUCTIONS:

Please follow instructions on the attached document Warning!!!!!! Please Following the instructions for University of Berkeley. They are looking for specific data Thanks.

 

Module 3 - Background

PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY

Required Material

Characteristics of organisms in the 6 major kingdoms:

DiVenere, Vic (2011) The Diversity of Life. Accessed February 25, 2014, at: http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/divers_life.htm

Principles of taxonomy and classification:

Dirnberger, Joseph (n.d.) Phylogeny and Systematics. Accessed February 25, 2014http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhylogeny/LecPhylogeny.html

Variety of plant life forms:

Farabee, MJ (2004) Biological Diversity Nonvascular Plants and Nonseed Vascular Plants. Accessed February 25, 2014 athttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_5.html

Variety of animal life forms:

Farabee, MJ (2004) Biological Diversity : Animals I. Accessed February 25, 2014, at:http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_7.html

Types of vertebrates and their organ systems:

Kimball, John (2011) The Vertebrates. Accessed February 25, 2014, at:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html

Case

Guralnick R, Collins A, Waggoner B, Speer B, Whitney C, Smith D.  UCMP Exhibit Hall, University of California Museum of Paleontology, UC Berkeley.  Accessed on February 20, 2014 athttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html

SLP

Urakawa, H., Garcia, Juan C., Barreto, Patricia D., Molina, Gabriela A., Barreto, Jose C. (2012). A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially induce a change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Archaea to the BacteriaEnvironmental Pollution. 164:42-45

Guralnick R, Collins A, Waggoner B, Speer B, Whitney C, Smith D.  UCMP Exhibit Hall, University of California Museum of Paleonto

 

 

 

Module 3 - SLP

PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY

Overview

As you have learned in Modules 1 and 2, prokaryotes share many common features that differentiate them from eukaryotes, such as:

Lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size.

As introduced on the Home page of Module 3, various species differ and can be classified into taxonomic groups based on several characteristics. One characteristic commonly used to differentiate an organism as belonging to one species or another is the potential for the individuals to reproduce sexually and produce viable offspring. However, this characteristic cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and so their identification and classification is often determined based on:

  • Phylogeny: All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatedness
  • Metabolism: Different bacteria may have different metabolic abilities
  • Environment: Different bacteria thrive in different environments, such as high/low temperature and salt
  • Morphology: There are many structural differences between bacteria, such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer composition
  • Pathogenicity: Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animals

All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:

1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:

  • autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds
  • mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide

2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions:

  • lithotrophic– reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds
  • organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds

3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing:

  • chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds
  • phototrophic – energy is obtained from light

In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows:

  • chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. ie: Nitrifying bacteria
  • photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds.

For example: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. Cyanobacteria split water, H2O, molecules and use the electrons to reduce carbon in photosynthesis. Water is the electron donor.  However, Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae are also photosynthetic autotrophs, but they use hydrogen sulfide H2S as the electron donor, orreducing equivalent donor.

  • chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). 
  • chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions by breaking apart organic compounds (made by photoautotrophs). Examples: most bacteria, e. g.Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria
  • photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples:RhodobacterRhodopseudomonas,RhodospirillumRhodomicrobiumRhodocyclus,HeliobacteriumChloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)

For this SLP assignment, you will continue to analyze the paper by Urakawa et al. (2012) by considering the characteristics that allow us to classify the prokaryotic organisms in this study as belonging to different Domains. You will use the website:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html

UC Berkeley`s virtual exhibit hall and resource on taxonomy and phylogeny, to complete this assignment.

 

 

 

 

SLP Assignment

Review your definitions of Archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from Module 1. Begin at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html, webpage titled "Welcome to the Phylogeny Wing. Select the link "Phylogeny of Life" within the first of the "four ways to get started." You will an overview of the relationship between DNA and the Three Domains of Life. Use this page to begin the research necessary to address these topics in a 3-4 page paper:

  1. What general characteristics determine whether a prokaryote belongs to the Archaea or Bacteria domain?
  2. Define DNA and RNA. What role do DNA and RNA play in this determination? 
  3. What role does the metabolism play in classifying Nitrosococcus oceani and Nitrosopumilus maritimus as Archaea or Bacteria? 
  4. Do either of these organisms normally thrive in an environment where crude oil is abundant?  What other microbes live in this type of environment?

SLP Assignment Expectations

The Session Long Project consists of an integrative project emphasizing the personalized application of each module`s concepts. For Modules 1–5, students are required to engage in an original integrative project reflecting their comprehensive knowledge of and ability to apply the course materials. Each component of the SLP will be graded on a modular basis.

Your essay is considered a scholarly work. You will be provided with many scholarly references to begin each assignment.  For any additional research you are required to do to complete your assignment, please use scholarly references such as a peer reviewed journal article or a government sponsored or university sponsored website. As you read through your sources, take notes from your sources and then write your paper in your own words, describing what you have learned from your research. Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit.

When you write your essay, please organize your paper to include an introduction (overview of the assignment), body with subtitles (reflecting the requirements of the assignment), and a summary (develop connections between the required topics) .

CONTENT:
Bio 102 wk 3 SLP instructionsInsert student’s name:Institution affiliation:Due date:Introduction Life exists on earth, various types of living organisms can be found across different parts of the world. Over the previous 3.8 million years ago, living organisms have evolved, become more variegated and adapted different imaginable environmental settings. Life diversity has been an incredible phenomenon. All organisms have different features, but share certain resemblance. All living organisms are capable of replicating themselves. DNA plays a crucial role for replication process. It is the replicator molecule. According to Farabee (2004), every living organism possesses certain mechanism of transforming information reserved in DNA into significant products utilized to develop cellular organ system from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In the past, living organisms were classified into Plantea and Animalia kingdoms. During 19th century, enhanced scientific research established that such classification was inadequate. Consequently, living organisms were classified into five kingdoms (Animalia, Prostista, Plantae, Monera and Fungi). This classification coincided with another system of categorizing all living organisms into two major taxonomies: Eukaryotae (protists, fungi, plants and animals) and Prokaryotae (bacteria and others). Nevertheless, recent research indicates that prokaryotes are further classified into two categories: Archaea and Bacteria. Part 1 Prokaryotic organisms consist of Archaea and Bacteria domains. They are single-celled, simplest and smallest organisms. Prokaryotes are plenty on the moist substances and in the soil, wat...


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