****What are the fundamental differences between anomie/strain theories and control theories? Do these fundamental differences matter in understanding criminal behavior? How well do these theories explain criminal behavior? What are their strengths and weaknesses? •Your answers should be no longer than 1 page per each question (single-spaced, 12 inch type, 1 inch margins). Please avoid, to the extent possible, anecdotes and personal stories. •Each reply will be evaluated on clarity, logic, and level of documentation. Your papers must be in your OWN words. This means that you must cite your sources within the text and provide to your facilitator a list of references. You may use outside academic sources. BOOK: `Criminological Theory: Past to Present` fourth edition, by Cullen and Agnew. Week 5 Part V Anomie/Strain Theories of Crime 13. Social Structure and Anomie Robert K. Merton 14. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang Albert K. Cohen 15. Crime and the American Dream Richard Rosenfeld and Steven F. Messner 16. Pressured into Crime: General Strain Theory Robert S. Agnew Part VI Varieties of Control Theory 17. Techniques of Neutralization Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza 18. Social Bond Theory Travis Hirschi 19. A General Theory of Crime Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
Main Explanations of Crime
Sociological explanations of crime have been dominated by three main traditions
Anomie/strain theory (Robert Merton)
Differential association/social learning theory (Edwin Sutherland and Ronald Akers)
Control theory (Travis Hirschi)
Focus of this chapter is on control theory
Control Theories
lUnlike strain and cultural deviance theories, control theories do not see humans as “blank slates” onto which society writes its script
Control theories argue it is human nature for people to “naturally” break the law
Like other animals, humans seek gratification and crime is often an easy means to secure gratification
Gives ample motivation to commit crime
Since all humans have motivation, theories that seek to explain motivation (e.g., strain and cultural deviance theories/social learning) are not needed
Control Theories
Instead of asking “why do they do it” criminologists need to ask “why don’t they do it”
What prevents them from acting out on their impulses
Control theorists argue that the control
society exerts over individuals is why
people do not commit crime
Control theories assume that delinquent
acts result when an individual’s bond to
society is weak or broken
Variation in control, not variation in
motivation, explains why some people
break the law more than others
Control Theories
Early control theories
Shaw and McKay (1942, 1972) tied delinquency to the attenuation of control in inner-city areas
Reiss (1951) discussed personal and social controls
Nye (1958) emphasized internal, direct, and indirect controls
Sykes and Matza (1957) focused on the neutralization of restraints
Reckless (1961) developed containment theory