Trend line y = a + bd where y = the variable for which trend is required, d = the deviation in time from the midpoint of the time series, a = y , and b = Σ yd /Σ yd 2 Subdivision of the trend line 1 2 d n b n y a 1 = + Sub - period value Where n = the n

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Trend line

y = a + bd

where y = the variable for which trend is required, d = the deviation in time from the midpoint of the time series, a = y , and b = yd / yd 2

Subdivision of the trend line

Where n = the number of sub-periods per cycle, and d1 = the deviation from the midpoint of the series measured in sub-periods.

Index Numbers

Laspeyre price index

STATISTICAL FORMULAE

ESSENTIAL FORMULAE

Frequency Distributions